Beyond Pain, Fear, Withdrawal-Findings, And Problems Involving Change - Treatment and Application for A Chronic Addiction on Alcohol Do Not End by Loai Aljerf in DDIPIJ in Lupine Publishers
Alcohol use disorders (AUD) involving hazardous, harmful and addictive
misuse of alcohol are widespread in most parts of the
world. The aim of this study was to review the effect of the common
inhibitors in the treatment of patients with AUD, taking into
consideration, the short- and long- terms abstinence. An extensive
literature search conducted in MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus and
CINAHL databases identified 776 articles, which were then evaluated for
pre‐specified criteria for relevance and quality assurance.
A total of 38 articles, including 36 human studies and 2 animal studies,
were selected for this review. Many inhibitors used in the
treatment of alcoholism and some were considered of effective medication
when their intakes are supervised by an expert. However,
their therapeutic efficacies vary widely; for instance, disulfiram is a
pro-drug that requires its transformation into an active form
and because it shows a wide range of secondary effects, it often
prevents the use of doses that ensure full therapeutic effectiveness.
Sex hormones play an important role in establishing sex‐distinctive
brain structural and functional variations that could contribute
to the sex differences in alcohol consumption behavior. Existing
evidence supports the association of increased testosterone level
and increased risk for alcohol use and AUD in males. In contrast, the
evidence supports the association of increased estrogen level
and increased alcohol use in females. Much less is known about the
impact of progestins on alcohol use and misuse in human
subjects. Future observational and experimental studies conducted in
both sexes with a comprehensive hormone panel are needed
to elucidate the impact of the interplay between various sex hormone
levels during various developmental stages on alcohol userelated
phenotypes and AUD. On the other hand, alcohol withdrawal-especially
delirium tremens (DT)-is a potentially life-threatening
condition. While short-term treatment regimens and factors that
predispose to more severe symptomatology have been extensively
studied, little attention has been paid to the clinical epidemiology and
long-term care of the chronic medical, addictive, psychiatric,
and psychosocial problems faced by these patients. Chronic alcoholic
patients are frequently suffering from specific micronutrient
deficiencies, including vitamins involved in one carbon metabolism. The
deficiencies commonly involve folate, vitamin B6, thiamine,
and vitamin A. Inadequate dietary intake is a major cause of the vitamin
deficiency. As a consequence of chronic alcohol intake, could
lead to metabolic disruption and potentially to hyperhomocysteinemia.
Alcoholism can affect the absorption, storage, metabolism,
and activation of many of these vitamins.
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